maria canawati


1. AFTER FRENCH REVOLUTION • Country became a Republic and passed universal suffrage. Created the worlds largest army 800,000 men. • French Revolution did not create a new society, but did raise a question on female political equality far more explicitly than the American Revolution. French women were active in major events of the revolution. • Revolution felt in many other ways: streets got new names, monuments of royal family destroyed. • Festival of Unity 1793 to mark the end of Monarchy burning royal crowns. 2. HAITIAN REVOLUTION 1791-1804 • Nowhere did the example of French Revolution echo more loudly than in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue. (later Haiti) • With a slave force of 500,000 made up vast majority of population. Whites numered 40,000. gens de couleur libres 30,000 mixed background. • French Revolution challenged the entire slave labor system. Slaves burned 1000 platations and killed 100s of whites. • Toussaint Louverture, former slave, overcame internal resistance, and defeated an attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control. • A revolution unique in the Atlantic world, socialy had become the first. • Remained Haiti, meaning montainous, and the original Taino language. 3. SPANISH REVOLUTIONS 1810-1825 • Final act in a hlaf a century, took place in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. – shaped by receding events in North America, France and Haiti. • Spanish colonies Creoles were offended and insulted by Spanish monarchy´s effort to exercise greater power over its colonies with heavier taxes. • Why did Spanish colonies win their independence almost 50 years later than British North America? • Spanish colonies had been long governed in a rather more authoritarian fashion. Sharply divided by class. 4. SPANISH REVOLUTIONS • Creole elites, did not much generate a revolution. In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal deposing the Spanish king Ferdinand VII and forcing Portuguese elite to exile to Brazil. • Latin American societies were so divided by class, race and region. Contrast with North America were against British not between themselves. • Mexico moved toward independence in 1810 in a peasant insurrection, driven by hunger for land and high food proces. – led by two priests Miguel Hidalgo and Morelos. • Landowners with the support of the Church, raised and army and crushed insurgency. • Later clergy and elites brought Mexico to a more sociall controlled independence in 1821. • The entire independence movement in Latin America took place under the shadow of great fear. 5. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS • Leaders such as Simon de Bolivar and Jose de San Martin prevailed against the Spanish forces. – • The answer to this dilemma was found in the new vast as AMERICANOS. Defining that the enemy was Spain or Portugal. • Imperial state was destroyed in Spanish America, but colonial society was preserved. • Nor did women as group gain much from independence. • The Spanish colonies took shape in the wealthiest areas and among the most sophisticated cultures of the Americas. • By19th centuries, independen countries in both regions launched a new phase of their histories, those in Latin America became widely underdeveloped, impoverished, undemocratic.